Canada's most visited city, Toronto is the most populous city in Canada. Along with Montréal, Québec City and Vancouver, Toronto is regarded among Canada's major cities, but interestingly, none of them are the capital. While Toronto is a prominent centre for music, theatre and television production, the capital is located in Ottawa.
The City of Sails, as it's also known, Auckland has a rich maritime heritage and the view of the city from the Waitemata Harbour is one of its most famous. As the most visited city in New Zealand and the most populous, it's unsurprising many mistake Auckland for the capital. New Zealand's true capital, Wellington, became the home of the Government, Parliament and the Supreme Court in 1865 and is known as the world's windiest city by average wind speed.
New York City is certainly king of the hill and top of the heap, but it is not the capital of the USA. Typically, the most visited city in the USA and one of the most popular destinations in the world, it's unsurprising that some might imagine New York as the capital city. The real capital, Washington DC, lies some 230 miles (370km) south and has been the nation's legislative, executive and judicial centre since 1791.
The largest city of Sri Lanka, Colombo is regarded as the commercial capital of the country and is also a popular tourist destination as it serves as the gateway to the rest of the country. Due to a peculiar circumstance though, sometimes Colombo is seen as the capital. The actual capital Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte is located within Colombo's urban area so sometimes the two get mixed up. Commonly known as Kotte, it was named capital in 1977.
It would be fair to assume that one of the most popular North African destinations and Morocco's top tourism spot is the nation's capital. Known for its meandering medina streets, ancient landmarks and incredible street food, Marrakech has long enticed travellers from all over. The capital, Rabat, is only the seventh largest city in the country and first became the capital in 1912 under the French rule.
Even though Rio de Janeiro used to be the capital of South America's largest nation, it's not anymore. Brazil is another country where several cities can easily be mistaken for the capital and with Rio's global appeal, famous beaches and iconic landmarks, it's hard to see why the capital was moved in the first place. While it is only second in terms of resident numbers, it is the most visited city in Brazil by foreign travellers.
While Rio takes the crown as the tourism capital, São Paulo is not only Brazil's financial and business centre but also a key player in the global economic network. Around 270 miles (440km) west from Rio, São Paulo is one of the most populous cities in the world. However, both of these cities are located along the southeastern coast of Brazil and in a bid to bring a capital to a more central location, the idea of Brasília as capital was conceived. Founded in 1960, it's a planned city and all three branches of the government are located here.
Lucky Barcelona is blessed with plenty of sunshine, incredible architecture and world-class cuisine, not to mention what's considered the best urban beach in Europe. However, the 32 million travellers that typically come to Barcelona each year are in fact visiting Spain's second city. The country's actual capital, Madrid, is significantly larger and more populous than Barcelona. It's also the official primary residence of the Spanish monarchy.
Another country where two cities can easily be mistaken for the capital is Switzerland. Zürich is the largest city and is also a significant player in the world economy. It's one of the largest financial centres in the world and despite having a relatively small population, is home to many financial, insurance and banking companies. It's consistently ranked among the best cities to live in and the cities with the highest quality of life.
Also a significant financial centre, Switzerland's second-most populous city Geneva is known for the concentration of headquarters of international organizations. Most notably, many agencies of the United Nations and the Red Cross are based in Geneva. It's also famous as the location where the Geneva Conventions (concerning prisoners of war and civilians during wartime) were signed. Switzerland's actual capital, Bern, was chosen to avoid a power-grab by one of these two more significant cities and has served as the federal city for more than 170 years.
Game of Thrones fan or not, it's near impossible that you've not heard of this enchanting walled city. It would only make sense to assume the country's most famous and popular city is also its capital. In fact, Croatia's capital lies at pretty much the other end of the country, in northern Croatia. Zagreb is the country's largest city and, although Dubrovnik is arguably the most popular destination, Zagreb is also the gateway to the famous Plitvice Lakes National Park.
It might be Turkey's ancient capital and the final stage of the legendary Silk Road, but it is not the country's capital anymore. Known as the place where east meets west, the city has plenty of famous attractions, from the imposing Hagia Sophia to the stunning Blue Mosque and one of the largest and oldest covered markets in the world – Grand Bazaar. The actual capital, Ankara, became the headquarters of the Turkish National Movement during the Turkish War of Independence. After the fall of the Ottoman Empire, the new republic's capital was declared to be Ankara in 1923.
One of the world's most important hubs for business, finance and international trade, it's hard to imagine how big Shanghai actually is. The second most populous city in the world, Shanghai's port is also one of the most significant and busiest container ports anywhere in the world. From the iconic skyline of its financial district Lujiazui to the wealth of museums and historic buildings, Shanghai is undoubtedly an important Chinese city but it is not the capital. The capital Beijing lies to the north and is the world's most populous city.
Myanmar and its largest city Yangon get extra points for being especially tricky. Notable for its many religious sites, Yangon is among Myanmar's most visited destinations along with Bagan and Mandalay. The country used to be called Burma and Yangon (known then as Rangoon) used to be its capital. The names were changed in 1989, and in 2005 a new capital was declared – Naypyidaw, some 200 miles (322km) north of Yangon.
Perched on India's west coast, it's no surprise you might mistake Mumbai for India's capital. It's India's largest city, a financial centre and the heart of the Bollywood film industry. It's also home to one of the world's most ornate train stations, the Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus. Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) was the capital of India until December 1911 when the British Raj decided to move the capital because of the growing anti-colonial sentiment in Kolkata. India's new capital was established in New Delhi in 1931.
Kazakhstan's largest metropolis, Almaty is set in the foothills of the majestic Trans-Ili Alatau mountains. If you think the name sounds familiar, that's because it actually was the country's capital until 1997. Despite the capital moving, Almaty remains its financial, business and cultural hub. To make things even more complicated, Almaty used to be called by the Russian name Alma-Ata during the Soviet rule. Then, in 1997, the government relocated the capital to Astana, which was renamed Nur-Sultan in 2019 in honour of the departing president Nursultan Nazarbayev.
Jaw-dropping is probably the best word to describe Dubai. Towering skyscrapers, sprawling shopping centres and some of the world's most luxurious hotels define this unique city. It's the United Arab Emirates' most populous city and is a major hub for both cargo and passengers – both tourism and business. Typically visited by around nine million people, Dubai is the capital city of the Emirate of Dubai, however, the nation's capital is Abu Dhabi, less than a two-hour drive away.
There are several countries that have split capitals, but South Africa takes this system to the next level. Surprisingly, its largest city Johannesburg isn't one of the three capitals even though it's the seat of the Constitutional Court, the highest court in South Africa. When the country was pieced together as a union, it was done in a way to try and keep all former states happy so today Cape Town is the seat of the Parliament, Pretoria is home to the President and the Cabinet, and Bloemfontein is the seat of the Supreme Court of Appeal.
The most populous city in all of Africa, Lagos couldn't be a more significant city. It's a financial centre and an economic hub and has one of the largest and busiest seaports on the content. It's also one of the fastest growing cities in the world and is the heart of the Nigerian film industry, often referred to as Nollywood. The true capital Abuja is another planned city that was developed in the 1980s, neutral to all major ethnic parties and in close proximity to all the Nigerian regions.
Take a look at incredible pictures of tourist attractions that no longer exist
Including Amsterdam on this list is a bit of cheating as it kind of is the joint capital of the Netherlands. However, all of the governmental institutions are located in Den Haag (The Hague), which is considered the political capital. Meanwhile, Amsterdam's cultural offering, fine cuisine and a wealth of museums is a tourism magnet, typically drawing in around 20 million visitors every year.
Although the capital was officially moved to Dodoma in 1996, much of the government infrastructure is still in Dar es Salaam so many assume that Tanzania's largest city is still its capital. A major financial hub, Dar es Salaam is home to several universities and is considered the educational centre of Tanzania. Most travellers also use Dar es Salaam as their arrival and departure point for exploring the rest of Tanzania.
Now take a look at the world's most underrated historic small cities
...Melbourne, of course! Coastal capital of the Australian state of Victoria, it was at the centre of the Australian Gold rush in the 1800s and was briefly chosen as the seat of the Government at the time of Australia's federation in 1901. After lengthy arguments between the two cities, it was decided a new capital would be built on neutral ground and the new city, Canberra, was officially declared capital in 1913.