Bull-running festivals are one of Spain’s most controversial customs, with yearly events taking place in regions such as Madrid, Valencia, Castilla y Leon and Navarre. In 2022, at least 10 participants lost their lives in the tradition, which involves crowds of people coursing through narrow streets while being chased down by bulls. The odds of a human dying during the running of the bulls is one in 111,111, with fatalities often resulting from being gored or trampled by the animals.

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